It has reached epidemic proportions in many areas in the US, including the northeast US.Ģ. Lyme disease is the #1 vector borne disease and the #2 infectious disease (behind #1-Chlamydia) in the US and is a problem worldwide. "Zur Kenntnis der "Erythema chronicum migrans" ". "Southern Tick-Associated Rash Illness: Erythema Migrans Is Not Always Lyme Disease". ^ Blanton L, Keith B, Brzezinski W (June 2008)."Borrelia lonestari infection after a bite by an Amblyomma americanum tick". ^ James AM, Liveris D, Wormser GP, Schwartz I, Montecalvo MA, Johnson BJ (June 2001).The American journal of medicine, 130(2), 231-233. ^ Goddard J (2017) Not all erythema migrans lesions are Lyme disease."Clinical characteristics and treatment outcome of early Lyme disease in patients with microbiologically confirmed erythema migrans". ^ Smith RP, Schoen RT, Rahn DW, Sikand VK, Nowakowski J, Parenti DL, Holman MS, Persing DH, Steere AC (2002).^ a b Juckett, G (2014), "In reply: Comment on 'Identifying erythema migrans rash in patients with Lyme disease' ", Am Fam Physician, 89 (6): 424, PMID 24818260.Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2016. ^ a b c d e f g Shapiro ED (May 2014)."The rising challenge of Lyme borreliosis in Canada". ^ Ogden NH, Lindsay LR, Morshed M, Sockett PN, Artsob H (January 2008).1101–2 Background and Diagnosis of Erythema Migrans ![]() "The clinical assessment, treatment, and prevention of Lyme disease, Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis, and Babesiosis: Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America". ^ Wormser GP, Dattwyler RJ, Shapiro ED, et al."Diagnostic Utility of Erythema Migrans". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). ^ a b "Lone star tick a concern, but not for Lyme disease".Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ^ a b c d "Lyme disease rashes and look-alikes"."Does This Patient Have Erithema Migrans?". ^ a b c Tibbles CD, Edlow JA (20 June 2007).Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. "Diagnosis and management of Lyme disease". ^ a b c d e Wright WF, Riedel DJ, Talwani R, Gilliam BL (June 2012).In the 1940s, German neurologist Alfred Bannwarth described several cases of chronic lymphocytic meningitis and polyradiculoneuritis, some of which were accompanied by erythematous skin lesions. In the 1920s, French physicians Garin and Bujadoux described a patient with meningoencephalitis, painful sensory radiculitis, and erythema migrans following a tick bite, and they postulated the symptoms were due to a spirochetal infection. This rash was known as erythema chronicum migrans, the skin rash found in early-stage Lyme disease. Afzelius published his work 12 years later and speculated the rash came from the bite of an Ixodes tick, meningitic symptoms and signs in a number of cases and that both sexes were affected. In a 1909 meeting of the Swedish Society of Dermatology, Arvid Afzelius first presented research about an expanding, ring-like lesion he had observed. Treatment īoth Lyme disease and STARI can be treated with antibiotics, particularly doxycycline. ![]() Antibiotic treatment resolves the illness quickly. The associated infectious agent has not been determined. This erythema is also sometimes called erythema migrans or EM. Southern tick-associated rash illness (STARI) produces a similar rash pattern although it develops more quickly and is smaller. The rash may feel warm but usually is not itchy, is rarely tender or painful, and takes up to four weeks to resolve if untreated. In about 79% of cases in Europe but only 19% of cases in endemic areas of the U.S., the rash gradually clears from the center toward the edges, possibly forming a "bull's eye" pattern. The rash is usually circular or oval, red or bluish, and may have an elevated or darker center. The most distinctive features of the EM rash are the speed and extent to which it expands, respectively 2–3 cm per day and up to a diameter of 5–70 cm (50% attain more than 16 cm). The EM rash appears typically one or two weeks (range 3–32 days) after the bite. Most people who get infected do not remember seeing a tick or the bite. The initial sign of about 80% of Lyme infections is an erythema migrans (EM) rash at the site of a tick bite, often near skin folds, such as the armpit, groin, or back of knee, on the trunk, under clothing straps, or in children's hair, ear, or neck. After 8 weeks, the rash cleared from the center toward the edges and looked a bit more like a bull's eye.
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![]() Three large ball bearings allow the rest to rise smoothly.Will work with low-profile bow-mounted arrow quivers. ![]() Rubber coating on all possible arrow contact points keeps this rest quiet.Pulls the rest down super fast when the bowstring is released.Rebound dampener eliminates the need for a spring connecting the draw cord to the rest.Can be set up to function off the top or bottom limb.Micro-click adjustments for windage and elevation.Can be adjusted to fit risers with different thicknesses.Hamskea sets the standard for limb-driven arrow rests in the target world, and they brought a lot of that target technology over to the Epsilon, which is sleek, solid, and silent. With the micro-adjust knobs, you can dial in the rest position precisely. That’s hard to do with a free-moving rest. Often times in tuning, only slight rest movements are needed. The rest lifts up as the string is drawn, and then if the user decides to let down the string, the rest goes back to resting on the shelf, and the arrow is not contained.īoth rests also have micro-adjust knobs for windage and elevation, which makes bow tuning far simpler. With some other cable-driven drop-away rests, the rest lies flat on the riser shelf before the string is drawn. What’s nice about that is a bowhunter can draw and let down the bowstring, and the rest will stay in the cocked position, keeping the arrow contained. It’s the sudden release of force that comes when the bowstring is released that causes the rest to drop. What actually makes the rest drop away is not simply the bow string moving back to the undrawn position. Or the user can cock the rest in the up position before drawing, which will keep the arrow contained between the rest forks. If the rest itself sits flat on the riser, then the draw cord will pull it up as the bow is drawn. The Integrate MX is a streamlined arrow rest that offers full containment and micro adjustment. That is, the rest cord is connected to the cable that moves down toward the bottom cam during the draw cycle. There is no extra noise added to your bow because of these rests.īoth of these rests are considered cord-driven drop-away rests, because they employ cords attached to the down cable on a bow. The QAD MXT and Integrate MX are well-built, easy-to-use drop-away arrow rests that do the job of an arrow rest neatly and quietly. But if you have that dovetail on your riser, you want the Integrate MX because it’s sleeker, and the dovetail connection is rock solid. The primary difference between the two is that the Integrate MX will only work with bows that have a dovetail machined into the riser for mounting. They are both drop-away rests that can be locked in the up position for full arrow containment before the shot, and they both are micro-adjustable for windage and elevation. The MXT and the Integrate MX are nearly identical rests from QAD. Micro-adjust simplifies fine-tuning the rest position.Arrow is fully contained until the shot.Micro-adjust knobs for windage and elevation.Draw cord connects to the down cable on the bow.Rest drops away only when the bow is shot.Can be locked in the up position before shooting.The MXT and Integrate are durable, full capture, and easy-to-tune arrow rests. ![]() Types of mating systems in paramecium:Each variety of the species of paramecium has two mating types which differ in chemical characteristics of their surface membranes. Also conjugation is induced after certain number of asexual binary fissions to rejuvenate the paramecium.Unfavorable conditions like some degree of starvation, shortage of food, a particular bacterial food, a certain range of light and temperature and certain chemicals induce conjugation.Continuous multiplication by binary fission is interrupted by conjugation as it is necessary for the survival and rejuvenation of the race.Ĭonjugation inducing factors:The following are the factors which induce conjugation, It is a temporary union of two individuals of same species for mutual exchange of genetic materials. In Paramecium, Conjugation is a form of sexual reproduction. The whole process is completed within 2 hours and may occur one to four times a day. One contractile vacuole goes to protor and another to opisthe. Oral groove and cytopharynx are newly formed in both the daughters. They are of equal size and contain a complete set of cell organelles as in parents. In this way, two daughter-Paramecia are produced.ĭaughter from anterior end is called protor and another daughter from posterior end is called opisthe. At the same time, the constriction develops at the middle part of the body which divides cytoplasm into two equal parts. After division, they move towards the opposite end. Macronucleus divides by amitosis and micronucleus divides by mitosis. Paramecium stops feeding before initiating binary fission and then its oral groove disappears. Nuclear division is followed by the cytoplasmic division. Division occurs at the right angle to the longitudinal axis of the body. A fully grown Paramecium is divided into two daughter individuals. It is a common method of reproduction in Paramecium which occurs during favorable condition. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION: BINARY FISSIONīinary fission occurs in transverse fashion in Paramecium. Whereas, binary fission is an asexual reproduction process in which nuclear organization does not occur. A new macronucleus is produced by the following processes: The new macronucleus has rejuvenating effect on the clone. Replacement of the imbalanced macronucleus thus is very important. If the nuclear organization fails to occur, the asexual clone dies. ![]() For example, it has been shown that some species of paramecium can pass through only about 320-350 continuous asexual binary fissions. This imbalance reduces the vigors and vitality of the clone. Due to repeated binary fission, genic balance of macronucleus is disturbed. In binary fission the macronucleus divides by amitosis in which chromosomes are distributed at random to the daughter macronuclei. The degeneration of old macronucleus and the formation of the new one by fusion of micronuclei is called as nuclear organization. |
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